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5.1 常用遍历算法
学习目标:
算法简介:
for_each
//遍历容器
transform
//搬运容器到另一个容器中
5.1.1 for_each
功能描述:
函数原型:
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector>
void print01(int val) { cout << val << " "; }
class print02 { public: void operator()(int val) { cout << val << " "; } };
void test01() {
vector<int> v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); }
for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print01); cout << endl;
for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02()); cout << endl; }
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0; }
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总结:for_each在实际开发中是最常用遍历算法,需要熟练掌握
功能描述:
函数原型:
transform(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, _func);
//beg1 源容器开始迭代器
//end1 源容器结束迭代器
//beg2 目标容器开始迭代器
//_func 函数或者函数对象
示例:
#include<vector> #include<algorithm>
class TransForm { public: int operator()(int val) { return val; }
};
class MyPrint { public: void operator()(int val) { cout << val << " "; } };
void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); }
vector<int>vTarget;
vTarget.resize(v.size());
transform(v.begin(), v.end(), vTarget.begin(), TransForm());
for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), MyPrint()); }
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0; }
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总结:
搬运的目标容器必须要提前开辟空间,否则无法正常搬运
5.2 常用查找算法
学习目标:
算法简介:
find
//查找元素
find_if
//按条件查找元素
adjacent_find
//查找相邻重复元素
binary_search
//二分查找法
count
//统计元素个数
count_if
//按条件统计元素个数
5.2.1 find
功能描述:
- 查找指定元素,找到返回指定元素的迭代器,找不到返回结束迭代器end()
函数原型:
find(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
// 按值查找元素,找到返回指定位置迭代器,找不到返回结束迭代器位置
// beg 开始迭代器
// end 结束迭代器
// value 查找的元素
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector> #include <string> void test01() {
vector<int> v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i + 1); } vector<int>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), 5); if (it == v.end()) { cout << "没有找到!" << endl; } else { cout << "找到:" << *it << endl; } }
class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_Name = name; this->m_Age = age; } bool operator==(const Person& p) { if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age) { return true; } return false; }
public: string m_Name; int m_Age; };
void test02() {
vector<Person> v;
Person p1("aaa", 10); Person p2("bbb", 20); Person p3("ccc", 30); Person p4("ddd", 40);
v.push_back(p1); v.push_back(p2); v.push_back(p3); v.push_back(p4);
vector<Person>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), p2); if (it == v.end()) { cout << "没有找到!" << endl; } else { cout << "找到姓名:" << it->m_Name << " 年龄: " << it->m_Age << endl; } }
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总结:
利用find可以在容器中找指定的元素,返回值是迭代器
5.2.2 find_if
功能描述:
函数原型:
find_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred);
// 按值查找元素,找到返回指定位置迭代器,找不到返回结束迭代器位置
// beg 开始迭代器
// end 结束迭代器
// _Pred 函数或者谓词(返回bool类型的仿函数)
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector> #include <string>
class GreaterFive { public: bool operator()(int val) { return val > 5; } };
void test01() {
vector<int> v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i + 1); }
vector<int>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), GreaterFive()); if (it == v.end()) { cout << "没有找到!" << endl; } else { cout << "找到大于5的数字:" << *it << endl; } }
class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_Name = name; this->m_Age = age; } public: string m_Name; int m_Age; };
class Greater20 { public: bool operator()(Person &p) { return p.m_Age > 20; }
};
void test02() {
vector<Person> v;
Person p1("aaa", 10); Person p2("bbb", 20); Person p3("ccc", 30); Person p4("ddd", 40);
v.push_back(p1); v.push_back(p2); v.push_back(p3); v.push_back(p4);
vector<Person>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), Greater20()); if (it == v.end()) { cout << "没有找到!" << endl; } else { cout << "找到姓名:" << it->m_Name << " 年龄: " << it->m_Age << endl; } }
int main() {
test02();
system("pause");
return 0; }
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总结:find_if按条件查找使查找更加灵活,提供的仿函数可以改变不同的策略
5.2.3 adjacent_find
功能描述:
函数原型:
adjacent_find(iterator beg, iterator end);
// 查找相邻重复元素,返回相邻元素的第一个位置的迭代器
// beg 开始迭代器
// end 结束迭代器
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector>
void test01() { vector<int> v; v.push_back(1); v.push_back(2); v.push_back(5); v.push_back(2); v.push_back(4); v.push_back(4); v.push_back(3);
vector<int>::iterator it = adjacent_find(v.begin(), v.end()); if (it == v.end()) { cout << "找不到!" << endl; } else { cout << "找到相邻重复元素为:" << *it << endl; } }
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总结:面试题中如果出现查找相邻重复元素,记得用STL中的adjacent_find算法
5.2.4 binary_search
功能描述:
函数原型:
bool binary_search(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
// 查找指定的元素,查到 返回true 否则false
// 注意: 在无序序列中不可用
// beg 开始迭代器
// end 结束迭代器
// value 查找的元素
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector>
void test01() { vector<int>v;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } bool ret = binary_search(v.begin(), v.end(),2); if (ret) { cout << "找到了" << endl; } else { cout << "未找到" << endl; } }
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0; }
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总结:二分查找法查找效率很高,值得注意的是查找的容器中元素必须的有序序列
5.2.5 count
功能描述:
函数原型:
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector>
void test01() { vector<int> v; v.push_back(1); v.push_back(2); v.push_back(4); v.push_back(5); v.push_back(3); v.push_back(4); v.push_back(4);
int num = count(v.begin(), v.end(), 4);
cout << "4的个数为: " << num << endl; }
class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_Name = name; this->m_Age = age; } bool operator==(const Person & p) { if (this->m_Age == p.m_Age) { return true; } else { return false; } } string m_Name; int m_Age; };
void test02() { vector<Person> v;
Person p1("刘备", 35); Person p2("关羽", 35); Person p3("张飞", 35); Person p4("赵云", 30); Person p5("曹操", 25);
v.push_back(p1); v.push_back(p2); v.push_back(p3); v.push_back(p4); v.push_back(p5); Person p("诸葛亮",35);
int num = count(v.begin(), v.end(), p); cout << "num = " << num << endl; } int main() {
test02();
system("pause");
return 0; }
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总结: 统计自定义数据类型时候,需要配合重载
operator==
5.2.6 count_if
功能描述:
函数原型:
示例:
#include <algorithm> #include <vector>
class Greater4 { public: bool operator()(int val) { return val >= 4; } };
void test01() { vector<int> v; v.push_back(1); v.push_back(2); v.push_back(4); v.push_back(5); v.push_back(3); v.push_back(4); v.push_back(4);
int num = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), Greater4());
cout << "大于4的个数为: " << num << endl; }
class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_Name = name; this->m_Age = age; }
string m_Name; int m_Age; };
class AgeLess35 { public: bool operator()(const Person &p) { return p.m_Age < 35; } }; void test02() { vector<Person> v;
Person p1("刘备", 35); Person p2("关羽", 35); Person p3("张飞", 35); Person p4("赵云", 30); Person p5("曹操", 25);
v.push_back(p1); v.push_back(p2); v.push_back(p3); v.push_back(p4); v.push_back(p5);
int num = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), AgeLess35()); cout << "小于35岁的个数:" << num << endl; }
int main() {
test02();
system("pause");
return 0; }
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总结:按值统计用count,按条件统计用count_if