Ch0

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer, or put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.

计算机体系结构是指程序员可见的系统属性,或者换句话说,那些对程序的逻辑执行有直接影响的属性。

Examples of architectural attributes include:

The instruction set

  1. The number of bits used to represent various data types.(e.g., numbers, characters)

  2. I/O mechanisms

  3. Techniques for addressing memory

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.

计算机组成是指实现架构规范的操作单元及其互连。

Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as

  1. control signals

  2. interfaces between the computer and peripherals

  3. the memory technology used

Ch1

计算机类型(Computer Types)

  1. Embedded computers(嵌入式计算机)
  2. Personal computers
  3. Server & Enterprise systems
  4. Supercomputers & Grid computers
  5. Cloud Computing

功能单位(Functional Units)

基本功能

  1. 数据处理:数据是指任何数字信息,包括机器指令,数字和字符。
  2. 数据存储
  3. 数据移动
  4. 控制

基本功能单位(Basic Functional Units of a Computer)

  1. Input Unit: Make computer accept coded information

  2. Output Unit: Send processed results to the outside world

  3. Memory: Store programs and data

    分为Primary Storage (main memory)、Cache Memory和Secondary Storage

  4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):Execute arithmetic or logic operations

  5. Control Unit: Coordinate operations of the other units、Send control signals to other units and sense their states

12合称为I/O Unit,45合称为Processor。

计算机的操作:计算机通过输入单元以程序和数据的形式接收信息并将其存储在内存中。然后存储在内存中的信息在程序控制下被提取到算术和逻辑单元中进行处理。处理后的信息通过输出单元离开计算机。并且计算机的所有活动都是由控制单元指导的。

基本概念操作(Basic Operational Concepts)

程序执行

  1. 执行的是程序中指定的指令。

处理器一次从内存中读取 (获取) 一条指令,并执行每条指令。程序执行包括重复指令获取和指令执行的过程。

两个重要的寄存器:

PC:指向要执行的下一条指令

IR:保存当前正在执行的指令

  1. 中断

中断是 I/O 设备向处理器发出的服务请求。

性能(Performance)

最重要的衡量指标:执行程序的速度。

一般受:指令集、硬件和软件设计的影响。

  • VLSI 技术:Smaller transistors switch faster

  • 并行度:并行执行多个操作(Parallelism: performing a number of operations in parallel)

    包括指令级并行(流水线),多核处理器,多处理器,多计算机。